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A new study by the American Psychological Association indicates that some of the mental health issues associated with brain trauma may not be apparent until years after the event. Mental problems such as irritability, difficulty sleeping, and hypervigilance were among the symptoms that 9/11 victims said are worse now than they were shortly after September 11. Neuropsychologists have known for years that long-term mental health problems may result from head trauma, but this research brings them closer to understanding the biological reasons behind the long-term effects.

Brain trauma without visible wounds is a silent injury seen in a lot of Marines returning from Iraq. You can have a severe debilitating brain injury without having an open wound or penetration of the skin or skull. This is often called closed head injury or closed head trauma. What happens to the soldiers is that every blast of mortar fire or roadside bomb rattles their brain like the yoke in an egg. There are classic signs of post concussive injury which have been seen with increasing frequency in people returning from this war.